We took a real electronics catalogue and looked at the laptop shelf, 216 products, to answer what seemed like a simple question: if a shopper had to choose, could this catalogue help them? It could not. Forty-seven of the 216 recorded nothing anybody could filter on. No screen size, no memory, no storage, no processor.
The interesting part was not that the data was missing. It was that the standard way of deciding what to fix would have got the order wrong. Rank the gaps by how much data is absent and processor comes third, because 162 products lack it. Rank them by what shoppers actually said they needed and processor comes last, because only 2 of 32 stated requirements mention one at all.
That gap between absence and demand is the whole company. It is measurable, it is reproducible, and as far as we can tell nobody else is measuring it, because measuring it requires starting from the decision rather than from the clickstream.